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Tularemia commonly known as rabbit fever is in news

A rare but serious disease, tularemia — commonly known as rabbit fever — has been making headlines due to a sharp rise in reported cases in the United States of America in recent years. Between 2011 and 2022, there’s been a 56 per cent increase in the annual average incidence of tularemia infections compared with previous years from 2001 to 2010, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).”

What is Rabbit fever and its transmission to human :

Rabbit fever, also known as tularemia, is a rare but serious bacterial infection caused by Francisella tularensis. Tularemia can be transmitted through various pathways. “Direct contact with infected animals, such as rabbits, hares, or rodents carrying Francisella tularensis poses a significant risk, particularly for hunters and wildlife enthusiasts. Insect bites, especially from ticks in densely populated tick regions and deer flies, are another common transmission vector.

Early signs and symptoms of tularemia :

Symptoms vary depending on the route of infection but typically appear three to five days after exposure, according to Dr Reddy. “Common symptoms include a sudden high fever, with temperatures potentially reaching up to 104°F (40°C), often accompanied by chills, fatigue, and body aches, which are early flu-like indicators. Swollen lymph nodes, particularly near the site of infection, such as under the arms or in the groin, are also common.”
There are four forms of this
disease: ulceroglandular, glandular, pneumonic and typhoidal.

Treatment of rabbit fever :

Tularemia is treatable with antibiotics. Streptomycin and gentamicin are used as the first-line options, and doxycycline or ciprofloxacin are used for milder cases.
Treatment typically lasts 10–21 days, ensuring high recovery rates and minimal complications if started promptly. However, delayed or untreated cases can lead to chronic infections, lung abscesses, pneumonia, or life-threatening sepsis. The mortality rate is 1–2 per cent with treatment but can rise to 30–60 per cent in severe, untreated cases.

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