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The Indus Waters Treaty: A Comprehensive Analysis

The two nuclear-capable neighboring countries are in disagreement regarding the utilization of water from rivers that flow from India into the Indus River basin in Pakistan

Introduction

The Indus Waters Treaty (IWT), signed between India and Pakistan in 1960, stands as a remarkable example of international cooperation in the management of shared water resources. Brokered by the World Bank, the treaty allocates the waters of the Indus River system between the two nations, aiming to promote peace and prevent conflicts over water usage.

Background and Historical Context

The origins of the IWT trace back to the partition of British India in 1947, which led to the division of the Indus River Basin. The basin, one of the world’s largest, spans across both India and Pakistan, making water distribution a critical issue. Early disputes over water rights and usage escalated tensions between the two countries, prompting the need for a formal agreement.
In 1951, David Lilienthal, a former chairman of the Tennessee Valley Authority, proposed a joint development of the Indus Basin to alleviate tensions. His suggestion was well-received by both Indian and Pakistani officials and garnered support from the World Bank.

Provisions of the Indus Waters Treaty

The treaty divides the six rivers of the Indus system into two categories:
  • Eastern Rivers: Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej – allocated to India for unrestricted use.
  • Western Rivers: Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab – allocated to Pakistan with certain restrictions.
  • India is permitted to use the waters of the Western Rivers for non-consumptive purposes such as power generation, navigation, and flood control, subject to specific conditions outlined in the treaty.
  • A key feature of the IWT is the establishment of the Permanent Indus Commission, comprising commissioners from both countries. This body serves as a forum for dialogue, dispute resolution, and the exchange of data related to water usage.
Implementation and Cooperation

Since its inception, the IWT has facilitated cooperation between India and Pakistan in managing the Indus River system. The Permanent Indus Commission has met regularly, and both countries have adhered to the treaty’s provisions, even during periods of conflict. For instance, during the 1965 and 1971 wars, the treaty remained intact, and water flows were not disrupted.
The World Bank’s role as a neutral mediator has been instrumental in maintaining the treaty’s integrity. Its involvement has helped resolve disputes and ensure that both nations honor their commitments.

Challenges and Controversies

Despite its successes, the IWT has faced challenges over the years:
  • Hydroelectric Projects: India’s construction of hydroelectric projects on the Western Rivers, such as the Kishanganga and Ratle dams, has raised concerns in Pakistan about potential reductions in water flow. Pakistan contends that these projects violate the treaty’s terms.
  • Climate Change: Alterations in rainfall patterns and glacial melt due to climate change affect water availability, complicating the management of shared resources.
  • Political Tensions: Periodic political tensions between India and Pakistan have sometimes strained cooperation under the treaty.
Recent Developments

In recent years, there have been calls from India to review the IWT, citing changes in demographic and environmental conditions. For instance, in October 2024, India formally requested Pakistan to review the treaty, proposing discussions through the Permanent Indus Commission. Pakistan expressed willingness to engage but emphasized the need for a comprehensive approach.

Conclusion

The Indus Waters Treaty remains a cornerstone of India-Pakistan relations, demonstrating that even in the face of political challenges, cooperation over shared resources is possible. While issues persist, the treaty’s framework continues to provide a platform for dialogue and resolution. Moving forward, it will be crucial for both nations to adapt the treaty to contemporary challenges, ensuring its relevance and effectiveness in promoting peace and sustainable water management in the region.

UPSC Mains Exam Based Question:

Question 1: Discuss the provisions of the Indus Waters Treaty and critically examine its effectiveness in ensuring peace and equitable water distribution between India and Pakistan. Highlight the major challenges it faces today.” (250 words)
Question 2: “Examine the role of the Permanent Indus Commission in the Indus Waters Treaty. How effective has the Commission been in addressing disputes between India and Pakistan regarding the allocation and usage of water from the Indus River system?” (250 Words)
(Source- Reuters)

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